ABSTRACT
El marco referencial de Brian Barber relaciona consumo de drogas, depresión, suicidalidad y conductas violentas con estilos parentales: la aceptación de los padres se correlaciona positivamente con iniciativa adolescente, y negativamente con síntomas depresivos y suicidas; el control psicológico con depresión y conducta antisocial, y el control comportamental negativamente con ésta última. Material y métodos: En conjunto con el autor, se adapta el instrumento CNAP y se aplica a una muestra representativa aleatoria trietápica de la Región Metropolitana (n=1447). Resultados: Hay consumo frecuente de alcohol en 26,9 por ciento, tabaco31,2 por ciento, de marihuana 6,9 por ciento, de cocaína u otras drogas2,3 por ciento. Hay ideación suicida en 7,7 por ciento y síntomas depresivos en 6,9 por ciento. La autoagresión predomina en mujeres y la heteroagresión en hombres. Con la edad aumenta el consumo de alcohol (X2=107,95, p=0,0001), de tabaco (X2=63,02, p=0,0001), de marihuana (X2=18,78,p=0,001);y de cocaína(X2=8,995,p=0,06). No hay diferencias por edad en conductas violentas, ideación suicida o síntomas depresivos. A peor relación con los padres mayor consumo, depresión, ideación suicida, y conductas heteroagresivas. Se encuentran coeficientes de correlación de Spearman en la misma dirección de los del estudio internacional CNAP. Conclusiones: Esta encuesta confirma estudios previos sobre sexo, edad y estilos parentales: hay mayor consumo de sustancias químicas y conductas heteroagresivas entre los hombres y de sentimientos depresivos e ideación suicida entre las mujeres. Las conductas estudiadas aumentan con la edad, con excepción de la violencia; estas conductas se correlacionan entre sí, y disminuyen con una buena relación con los padres. El modelo de Barber es confirmado en este estudio en Santiago de Chile, lo que importa en diseño de políticas públicas e intervenciones preventivas.
The referential framework developed by Brian Barber relates the consumption of drugs, depression, suicides and violent conduct to parental styles: acceptance by parents is positively correlated to prosocial adolescent initiative and, negatively, with depressive symptoms and suicidality; psychological control correlates with depression and anti-social behavior and psychological control correlates negatively with the latter. Material and methods: Together with the author, the CNAP survey (developed by Barber et al) was applied to a random trietapic representative sample from the Metropolitan Region (n=1447). Results: Frequent consumption was found in 26.9 percent of all cases, tobacco in 31.2 percent, marihuana in 6.9 percent and cocaine and other drugs in 2.3 percent Suicidal ideation accounted for 7.7 percent and depressive symptoms for 6.9 percent. Self-mutilation was predominant in women and hetero-aggression in men. Consumption increased with age: of alcohol (X2=107.95,p=0.0001), tobacco (X2=63.02,p=0.0001), marihuana (X2=18.78,p=0.001) and cocaine (X2=8.995,p=0.06). There were no age differences with regards to violent conduct, suicidal ideation or depressive symptoms. As relations with parents got worse, so did consumption, depression, suicidal ideation and hetero-aggressive conduct. Spearman correlation coefficients followed the same path as those of the CNAP international study. Conclusions: This survey confirms previous studies as to sex, age and parental styles: there is a greater consumption of chemical substances and hetero-aggressive conduct among men and depression and suicidal tendencies among women. The conduct studied increased with age, with the exception of violence; these conducts were correlated among each other, tending to decrease as relations with parents improved. The Barber model has been confirmed in this study in Santiago, Chile, which is important when it comes to designing public policies and preventive intervention.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Female , Adolescent Behavior , Students/psychology , Parent-Child Relations , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Alcoholism , Child Rearing , Chile , Cocaine-Related Disorders , Data Collection , Marijuana Abuse , Risk-Taking , Self-Injurious Behavior , Smoking , Suicidal Ideation , Substance-Related Disorders/psychologyABSTRACT
El grado de religiosidad y observancia religiosa han sido estudiadas como elementos protectores para diversas conductas de salud. Este estudio analiza la relación entre grado de religiosidad y presencia de uso de sustancias químicas, otras conductas de riesgo auto y hetero-agresivas, en una muestra aleatoria de 252 adolescentes escolarizados en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile, en base a una aplicación del cuestionario ECRA-2, comparando entre sí los subgrupos auto-calificados como muy religiosos (n=57) con los nada religiosos (n=50). El grupo total tuvo una edad promedio de 17,7 (DS 1,54), de los cuales un 55,9 por ciento eran mujeres. En cuanto a adscripción religiosa, un 72,8 por ciento se identificaban como católicos, un 10,9 por ciento protestantes, un 4,7 por ciento de otra religión y un 11,7 por ciento sin religión. Un 22,6 por ciento se identificó como muy religioso, y un 19,8 por ciento como nada religioso. La comparación presentada contrasta los subgrupos auto-calificados como muy religiosos (n=57) con los nada religiosos (n=50). Un 12,5 por ciento de los adolescentes muy religiosos consumieron marihuana más frecuentemente que una vez al mes, en comparación a un 41,7 por ciento de aquellos que se consideraban nada religiosos (8,643; 2gl;p=0,013). Los adolescentes muy religiosos se sentían más frecuentemente tristes y nerviosos que los nada religiosos (22,7 por ciento vs 12,5 por ciento; X2=5,175;2 gl; p=0,075); informaban menor frecuencia de golpear a otros(p=0,05), menor participación en peleas grupales (p=0,03), menor frecuencia de robo en tiendas(p=0,08) y de copia en pruebas(p=0,002).
The degree of religiousness and religious observance have been studied as protective elements for various health behaviors. The present study assesses the relation between the degree of religiousness and the use of chemical substances and the presence of aggressive risk behaviors towards one self or others, in a randomly selected sample of 252 schooled adolescents from the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile. An ECRA-2 questionnaire was used, and the subgroups self-rated as very religious (n=57) and as not religious at all (n=50) were compared. The total group mean age was 17,7 years (SD 1,54), and 55,9 percent were female. As for religious ascription, 72,8 percent identified themselves as Catholics, 10,9 percent as Protestants , 4,7 percent as other religion and 11,7 percent as without religion. Twenty-two point six percent (22,6 percent) rated themselves as very religious, and 19,8 percent as not religious at all. The present comparison contrasts the subgroups self-rated as very religious (n=57) and as not religious at all (n=50). Of the very religious adolescents, 12,5 percent consumed marijuana more frequently than once per month, as compared to 41,7 percent of those who considered themselves as not religious at all (8,643; 2gl; p=0,013). The very religious adolescents felt sad and nervous more commonly than the not religious at all (22,7 percent vs 12,5 percent; X2=5,175;2 gl; p=0,075); they reported a lower frequency of beating others (p=0,05), a lesser degree of participation in group fights (p=0,03), a lower frequency of shoplifting (p=0,08) and of cheating behaviors (p=0,002).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Adolescent Behavior , Students/psychology , Religion , Risk-Taking , Chile , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
This study describes the financial support for resarch in chile in different areas related to the productive sector including biotechology. Four different sosurce swhich help research in the country through competitive resarch grants were analysed. These include: FUNDECYT (National Fund for Resarch and Technology), Fondo de Desarrollo Productivo de CORFO (Fund for Productive Development), Fondo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (Fund for Research in Agriculture and Livestock) and the IV Program for Technical Cooperation Between the Chilean Government and UNDP. Biotechnology appears as one of the areas related to the productive sector having an important number of projects approved with a substantial financial support. Based in a survey, recomendations are made to improve the relationship between the productive and academic sector in biotecnology and other areas